@article { author = {A. Abou El-Ela, Adel and E. M. Aly, Gamal and A. E. Shammali, Abeer}, title = {OPTIMAL SITTING AND SIZING OF CAPACITOR BANKS USING MULTI-OBJECTIVE GENETIC ALGORITHM}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69383}, abstract = {This paper presents a proposed optimization procedure (POP) to find the optimal sitting and sizingof capacitor banks in order to reduce the power and energy losses, increase the available capacityof the feeders and improve the feeder voltage profile. This technique uses the voltage regulationindex (VRI) and loading performance index (LPJ) to find the optimal placement of capacitor banksin the radial distribution systems (RDS). The multi-objective Genetic algorithm (MOGA) is usedas an optimization technique to achieve the multi-nonlinear inflected objective functions foroptimal sitting and sizing of capacitor banks problem. These objective functions are: minimizingthe cost of power losses, minimizing the cost of energy losses, minimizing of voltage deviation,minimizing the cost of capacitor banks and maximizing ofthe feeder power factor. These objectivefunctions are achieved simultaneously, while many radial distribution system constraints aresatisfied. Actual power distribution systems, as apart of Egyptian distribution network, are used toshow the capability of the proposed technique to improve the feeder performance throughoptimally sitting and sizing of capacitor banks.}, keywords = {Optimal placement of capacitor banks — performance indices — Multi-objective,functions — Genetic Algorithms — Radial distribution systems}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69383.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69383_ec70bc5e48991d7ae52d87de22deb54b.pdf} } @article { author = {A. Shanab, M. and M. Khater, M. and H. Morsi, A.}, title = {OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABLE RELUCTANCE MOTOR SUPPLIED WITH BIPOLAR CURRENT}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {11-20}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69384}, abstract = {Switched reluctance motor is one of the most recently developed electrical motors which ischaracterized by its simplicity, ruggedness and flexibility of its operating characteristics. In spiteofthese it suffers from torque pulsations and the lack of a standard power electronic converter dueto its uni-polar current excitation pulses. This paper introduces an alternative variable reluctancemotor with filly-pitched winding and bipolar excitation which can be supplied by a standardpower electronic switch module and has a ripple-free torque. Throughout the present work amathematical model for the proposed motor type is developed and investigated by computersimulation. The operating characteristics for this type are presented along with those of theconventional switched reluctance motor, which emphasis the better performance ofthe proposedmotor type.}, keywords = {Switched Reluctance Motor,Fully Pitched Winding,Bipolar Excitation}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69384.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69384_537dd2ef763e61323c03ef5af8dc34f4.pdf} } @article { author = {M. I. Mohamed, A.}, title = {EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID FALLING FILM ON A HORIZONTAL FLUTED TUBE}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {21-32}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69385}, abstract = {The aim of the present study is to investigate experimentally the effect of the fluted surface tubeon the heat transfer and flow characteristics ofliquid falling fIlm. Experiments have been indicatedthat, when a liquid falling film falls on a horizontal fluted surface tube, the transition starts at lowReyno1d~ number than that of the plain tube. The value of the film thickness has been slightlydecreased by decreasing the fluted pitch. A reduction ofthe film thickness was observed at about9% for the low fluted pitch tube, at Reynold’s number of 485. A clear reduction of thedimensionless wavelength, ), has been occuffed at low fluted pitch tube. The use of enhancedsurfaces can provide heat coefficients higher than those obtained from plain tube. Heat transferenhancement was noticed due to the use of fluted tube surface. An improvement of the Nusseltnumber reached about 45% for low fluted pitch tube. However, the low values ofthe fluted pitchincreased the heat transfer enhancement that ofthe high values.}, keywords = {falling film,horizontal tube,Fluid flow,heat transfer enhancement,heat exchangers}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69385.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69385_39cb12a5f410c10c6935d752c1fbb33d.pdf} } @article { author = {Eissa, Amer and F. R, Gomaa}, title = {OPERATIONAL MODAL ANALYSIS AND DAMAGE DETECTION IN FRUIT QUALITY ASSESSMENT USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF PACKAGING}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {33-47}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69387}, abstract = {An experimental research work in relation to fruit quality assessment is represented in this paper.The demands for high quality fruits require for grower and distributors to set up an integratedquality control system for monitoring the quality ofthe fruits during transporting.Vibration simulation carried out to measure the dynamic behaviour of a pear during transporting.The experimental program included the dynamic study on-line. Operational modal parameterestimation was made based on acquired data for three types of packaging methods (Randomdistribution, Line distributed and Absorber sheet). To asses the dynamic behavior of package andthe damage to pear due to transient vibration during transporting and the possible effect du~ to theposition of pear inside the package, utilized the absorber sheet along the floor oftransport.Five identified modes were identified in the frequency range (0-200 Hz) using two techniques ofestimation. Peak picldng method (P-P) and robust technique enhanced frequency domaindecomposition (EFDD) are applied to avoid harmonic components in application.A damage identification technique using damage index method has been applied to determine theintegrity of the structure (fruit). The results obtained in range (0-50 Hz) shows that increasingdamage volume compared to (100-200 Hz), may be due to closing harmonic frequency ofmechanical element with natural frequency of pear and this need much attention in design thesuspension system for fruit transport trucks in attempt to keep the resonance• frequencies of fruitaway from exciting frequency of rotating system. A comparison of experimental results of threetypes of packaging shows that absorber sheet is more suitable for packaging. The use of absorbersheets reduced the percentage of damage fruit by (46-59%). The results obtained in the presentresearch suggest the protective treatment of the fruit with absorber sheet as cushioning packageand to design cushioning package to protect an item (fruits) of known strength from known shockand vibration.}, keywords = {Modal Testing,Operational Modal Analysis,Damage detection,packaging,Vibration analysis,fruit quality}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69387.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69387_a6106136bf8f653dab6d9e5878cddb5a.pdf} } @article { author = {M. El-Baradie, Z. and A. Ibrahim, A. and M. Ibrahim, I. and A. Mahmoud, R.}, title = {EFFECT OF NIOBIUM ADDITION ON STAMPING TOOL STEEL. PROPERTIES .}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {49-59}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69388}, abstract = {HIgh carbon — high chromium cold work tool steel type D3 containing 2%C and 12% Cr wascommonly used for manufacturing stamping tools. This paper introduces an investigation for theeffect of inoculation ofthis type oftool steel by niobium. Four grades ofthis tool steel containing0, 0.03%, 0.04% and 0.05% Nb were casted in an induction furnace at 1600°C. Different treatmentprocesses including annealing, forging, stress relief, hardening, and tempering were carried out forthe casted alloy. Examination via optical microscopy, X — ray diffraction, hardness test, tensiletest, . and dimensional wear coefficient and wear rate measurements has been investigated.Furthermore the fracture surfaces were examined using SEM microscope.The tool steel containing both Nb carbides and Cr carbides exhibited a higher hardness, toughness,and wear resistance in ëomparison with tool steel containing only Cr carbides. On the other hand,the addition of Nb increased hardenability, and led to the refinement of the tool steel grainstructure. The microstructtre observation revealed that the tool steel containing both Nb, and Crexhibited fine and uniformly distributed metal carbides, while, the carbides were coarse andsparsely distributed in the tool steel containing Cr only. As niobium~ content increases, theimprovement ofthe mechanical properties and wear resistance were observed.Fracture surface examination indicating that Nb addition and hardening followçd by temperingprocess lead to changing the mode of fracture from cleavage to quasi — cleavage mode. Thehighest wear resistance can be achieved by hardening followed by tempering of 0.05 % Nb toolsteel. }, keywords = {Niobium,inoculation,tool steel,Mechanical Properties}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69388.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69388_d0b89798e68cb004864ce7fdc6c247c4.pdf} } @article { author = {L. Selmy, A. and M. Ghanem, M. and A. Abd El-Azem, K.}, title = {WELDING OF ALUMINUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES (AL/SiC-MMCS)}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {61-66}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69389}, abstract = {Due to their high specific-strength, SiC reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites (Al/SicIvilviCs) are becoming popular for wide range of applications including vehicles, aircraft, rocketsand shipbuilding. It is difficult to fhsion weld such material due to porosity and aluminum carbide(A14C3) formation in weld zone (WZ) which result in degradation of mechanical properties ofthewelded joints. In this study, several sets of AJ/SIC-MMC5 samples having 0,5, 15 and 20 vol.%Sic particulates were fabricated by powder metallurgy technique using hot compaction of Al andSiC powders followed by hot extrusion. Effect of welding conditions such as heat input filler wiretype (AA4043 and non-commercial AITiSB 1) and without filler using AC-GTAW (TIG) processwas studied to find out appropriate conditions to get sound welded joints. Microstructure wasexamined using optical and SEM. Phases were identified and analyzed using XRD and EDXanalysis. It was found that porosity and AL4C3 formed in WZ during welding without filler andwith AA4043 filler. Using non-commercial AITiSB 1 filler, porosity and AI4C3 were reduced andsuppressed at 20 vol.% Sic and 5.86Kj/cm heat input. Whereas, hardness values in w~ remain ashigh as base metal when using. non-commercial AlTi5Bl filler, but drastically reduced whenwelding without and with AA4043 filler. The new filler wire of AITi5B 1, was examined for thefirst time and proved as promising filler in welding AIJSiC-MMC}, keywords = {Metal Matrix Composites,~4l/SiC,GTAW,Filler wire,hardness,Heat input}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69389.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69389_aa64344cd2d89587a4b31ec5ef21f6c5.pdf} } @article { author = {Al-Refeai, T. and Al-Suhaibani, A.}, title = {UTILIZATION OF CEMENT WASTE IN STABILIZATION OF SOILS FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {67-76}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69390}, abstract = {Cement Kiln ~ust (CKD) from Al-Yamamah Cement plant in Riyadh, wasadded to different soils (A-4, A-2-4, and A-1-b) to study its stabilizing effect on the properties of these soils. Itwas found, in general, @d for the CKD'contents used ( 4, 10, and 16%) that CKD lowers plasticity, increases pH value, increases optimum moisture content and lowers the maximum dry density of those soils. There was an increase in California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength due to CKD addition. 'Increasing the amount of CKD mer. increases its effect on the above properties.}, keywords = {Cement kiln dust,Soil stabilization,moisture content,D~J density and compressive strength}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69390.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69390_5ef8120f2f30f02386ab8e1d1ab28486.pdf} } @article { author = {M. K. Hassouna, Raaed and F. F. Asal, Fahmy}, title = {GEOID MODELLING PROM VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS AND GRAVITY DISTURBANCES: THE EFFECT OF CAP SIZE}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {77-81}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69391}, abstract = {In this paper, the effect of integration cap size on geoid determination was studied, when using gravity disturbances and vertical deflection as input data. For this purpose, a series of varying cap radii was used to predict gravimetric geoidal heights at discrete GPS-Benchmarks, using both the Hotine and deflection-geoid techniques. In both cases, the results showed significant dependence of the resulting geoid accuracy on the integration cap size. The two methods showed comparable behavior in the vicinity of the cap radius, which is consistent wit? the maximal resolution of the reference geopotential model. At larger cap sizes, the perfomance of the deflection data type was significantly better than the gravity disturbances, which in turn showed a dramatic degradation of the geoid accuracy. Therefore, when solving for the geoid without modifying the integration kemel, it is strongly recommended to nse large cap sizes along with the deflection-geoid method. If gravity disturbances are to be used for geoid determination, then it is recommended to use as small integration cap as possible.}, keywords = {Ceoid,cap size,gravity,deflection}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69391.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69391_443e9e5ecfc5aa4dfa77cc6a3dd5034a.pdf} } @article { author = {Hassouna, Raaed}, title = {THE EGYPTIAN GEOID BY THREE INTEGRAL TECHNIQUES Raaed Mohamed Kame1 Hassouna}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {83-88}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69392}, abstract = {In this study, a comparison was held among the Stokes, Hotine and Deflection-geoid formulae for gravimetric geoid modelling in Egypt, regarding the resulting statistical geoid features and accuracies. For this purpose, relevant 2' x 2' grids of gravity anomalies, graviv disturbances and vertical deflection components were input, yielding 2' x 2' detailed geoid models. The comparison showed that the Stokes and Hofine methods yielded practically the same geoid features and accuracy. The Deflection-geoid technique showed different geoid features and significalrtly better accuracy. The comparison of the three geoid solutions at independent GPSLeveling control, showed that the mean and standard deviation of discrepancies, pertaining to the Deflection-geoid formula, are less by about 36% and 8%, respectively, compared to those relevant to the other two formulae. Therefore, the vertical deflections are recommended as homogeneous input data lype in gravimetric geoid detehination.}, keywords = {Integral formula,Hotine,Deflection-geoid}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69392.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69392_1cea00a251119b24fc0e4b72fb4964b8.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahil, A. M and El Gohary, A. M and Doma, M. I and El Shony, A. F}, title = {ENHANCEMENT THE QUALITY OF THE EGYPTL4N FIRST ORDER GEODETIC NETWORK USING GPS DATA.}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {89-94}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69393}, abstract = {Extcnsion of existing geodetic control using traditional terrestrial techniques has become impractical nowadays as far as the time and the cost are concerned. And with the wide spread use of GPS in geodesy the combination of GPS data with the existing terrestrial data is essential to improve and enhance the quality of terrestrial geodetic control networks. This research paper presents a methodology for combination of the Egyptian fust order terrestrial geodetic control network with GPS points. The standard deviations will be used as a precision criteria. A numerical example is presented. '}, keywords = {}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69393.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69393_eebeeea6223fcd25f2e8721f36153819.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahil, A. M. and El Gohary, A. M. and Doma, M. I. and El Shony, A. F.}, title = {USING SIMILARITY TRANSFORMATION TECHNIQUE FOR SELECTING THE OPTIMAL FIXED POINTS FOR OVER￾CONSTRAINED GEODETIC NETWORKS}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {95-100}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2009.69394}, abstract = {In the case that more constraints than necessary to remove the network datum defect< have been defmed, a new type of geodetic network will be obtained " over - constrained geodetic network ". Datum changes may be obtained by Similarity Transformations in order to select the proper coordinate datum for geodetic networks as well as to analyse the stability of the reference points. The purpose of this research paper is to choose the optimal fixed points for over - constrained geodetic networks by using Similarity Transformation. A numerical example is presented.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69394.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69394_643bc5eb6a8b470f63789d8a5f234340.pdf} } @article { author = {عطية, ايمان محمد عيد and عبد اللطيف, محمد صبري}, title = {التلوث البصري في قري الساحل الشمالي}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {32}, number = {1}, pages = {101-107}, year = {2009}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2020.69395}, abstract = {Architecture is the mirror of civilization. It reflects its image in a true and an unadulterated way. It is the global image of the society encompassing the components that reflect its economical, cultural and ideological foundations. In the Egyptian society, there has been a growing wave of accusations and criticisms directed to both fields af architecture and building, and in particular to the architecture and building sectors where visual pollution has prevailed. This state of affairs led to an unbalanced scenery that was lacking harmony with the surroundings. For these reasons, it became a must for the architects to find a suitable role for themselves in this context to serve their society through promoting the architectural standards, finding out ways to assess the current situation and pin-point its advantages and shortcomings, as well as suggesting how to remedy such problems. As a result of the economical advances and prosperity of a certain class of the Egyptian society in the second half of the 20' century, the tourist villages and sea resorts have spread all-over the Egyptian coasts, especially on the northern coast. Those villages were, in the beginning, enjoying a characteristic visual harmony in each one of them. Nevertheless, some of these villages started suffering from visual pollution due to new additions by the occupants that were not compatible with the architectural surroundings. These additions had to be non-compatible due to the differences between the occupmts' cultural, psychological, sociological and occupational backgrounds and needs. This paper aims at defining the dimensions of this visual pollution in the villages of rhe northern coast, through studying the following elements: first: aesthetic concepts and appreciation in architecture, second: the aesthetical system and standards in architecture which affect what a viewer sees and comprehends of the built areas in the northem coast, third: classification of the visual pollution in the villages ofthe northern coast}, keywords = {}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69395.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69395_5271e648eb64826f8bb40b0a236237d4.pdf} }