@article { author = {lashine, Azza and Osheba, Marwa S. and Mansour, Arafa S.}, title = {Stability Analysis and Performance Evaluation of a Multifunction Converter}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {125-134}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.56256.1064}, abstract = {This paper proposes a converter circuit topology that can perform two functions rather than only one function, normally used in the traditional design of Power electronic converters (PEC). Initially the operation of the proposed circuit in boost DC-DC positive or negative mode and inverting mode are outlined. This is followed by the development of a state-space model and extensive frequency-domain and pole-zero stability analyses for the boost mode that give information about the circuit elements requirements and controller design for it . The proposed converter is simulated using Matlab environment and its performance is evaluated using two control strategies to control the load voltage. The results show the good performance of the converter over a wide range of output voltages and converter capability to reverse the output signal performance and follow the reference values via a logic-based control scheme, which is one of the smart grid and micro grid application requirements.}, keywords = {DC-DC Converters,modeling,Small signal Analysis,Boost converters,Average state space modeling}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162562.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162562_eb507438848929ccb4569d1afe4de95d.pdf} } @article { author = {Elmenofy, Ghada and Osheba, Dina and Elkholy, Elwy and El-Hefnawy, Abbas}, title = {A Proposed Five-level Neutral Point Clamped Inverter}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {135-140}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.58129.1072}, abstract = {This paper presents a proposed five-level inverter based on conventional five-level Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) topology which is a type of Multilevel Inverters (MLIs). MLI is a great solution for high power application in addition to medium power, low power and renewable energy applications. The proposed topology reduces the number of input DC sources as compared with the conventional five level NPC topology. Also, this circuit reduces the conduction losses by reducing number of switches that turned on in each mode. The circuit operation analysis in each mode is illustrated. A proper modulation strategy based on Pulse Width Modulation PWM is applied on the proposed circuit. The simulation of the proposed circuit is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The results show a comparison between conventional five-level NPC and modified circuits which illustrate a good performance for the proposed one which make it suitable for many applications such as photovoltaic systems.}, keywords = {Five level inverter,NPC,multicarrier PWM technique,THD,conduction losses}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162565.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162565_0d9bbe3fddd8d29314eea57e61ccb788.pdf} } @article { author = {Elkholy, Elwy and Amer, Elhassan and Mansour, Arafa S.}, title = {High Output Voltage Gain DC/DC Boost Converter Suitable For Renewable Energy Applications}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {141-148}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.59880.1077}, abstract = {High-voltage gain DC–DC boost converter is very important because it is required in many industrial applications, and therefore becomes the focus of all researches nowadays. Conventional topologies is used to obtain high gain due to its advantages such as simple structure, simple control, and low cost but it must be operated at extreme duty cycle in order to obtain high voltage gain which leads to high semiconductors voltage stress, high switching loss, and diode reverse recovery problems that degrades the system performance, and cause a significant efficiency reduction. Using of Cascaded boost converter and switched inductor converter solve some of the problems appeared with conventional boost converter as they have higher voltage gain without working with high duty cycle like conventional one, but they have some problems such as higher losses, and lower efficiency that also degrades the system performance. This study presents a new non-isolated high voltage gain DC \ DC boost converter operating with a reasonable duty cycle by integrating dual boost converter with switched inductor structures. The presented converter operates with soft-switching ZVS mode for all switches, high voltage gain, and high efficiency. In order to prove the converter effectiveness, the theoretical analysis, operation principle, and simulation results are presented.}, keywords = {voltage gain,Boost,DC-DC,Dual boost,Switched inductor}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162568.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162568_84287a9580ab3b19b3a3879a0dc36a2a.pdf} } @article { author = {Nasef, Asmaa and Khattab, Heba and Awad, Fatma}, title = {Evaluating the Impact of Demand Side Management Techniques on Household Electricity Consumption, A real case}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {149-157}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.62524.1081}, abstract = {Demand Side Management (DSM) is a very important tool that converts a consumer's passive role to an active one by changing energy consumption and helps the energy utilities to decrease the peak demand and reshape the load curve. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the impacts of three of the most important DSM techniques which are energy efficiency, direct load control, and shifting load through two cases which are one day in summer and one in winter. The effectiveness of the three techniques is demonstrated on average daily consumption of an Egyptian residential house in Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate. The desired objectives are reducing the energy consumption, electricity bill, and minimizing peak to average ratio (PAR). The obtained results confirm that applying DSM techniques has significant potential in terms of financial savings for the consumers and utility provider, and a cleaner environment without any impact on service quality or customer satisfaction.}, keywords = {Demand Side management (DSM),Energy Efficiency (EE),Direct Load Control (DLC),Load shifting,Peak to Average Ratio (PAR)}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162569.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162569_e977a6a06de6f4c98a33e9638a92998a.pdf} } @article { author = {Yousef, Khaled and Hegazy, Ahmed and Saleh, Fatma}, title = {Numerical Study of Induced Condensation upon Mixing Flows of Water-stream Flow in a Tee-Junction Pipe}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {159-174}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.52289.1056}, abstract = {Tee-junction is a device used in pipes to transfer, mixing of two dissimilar fluids of different parameters or either same type with varying parameters. The design of the tee-pipe affects its function. The present paper introduces a numerical study of two-phase flow mixing in a T-junction pipe. Water liquid streams in the horizontal main pipe of a T-junction while saturated steam is drawn from the other pipe branch (it lies in a vertical plane). That results in water liquid and steam mixing with steam condensation, and the mixture is directed to exit from the main pipe. The computational model is validated first with the experimental data for a single-phase flow. Two junction angles 90o and 45o between the main pipe and branched pipes are utilized for the T-junction. Different mass ratios for water liquid and steam are examined in the main pipe and branched pipes. Also, various turbulence models are utilized to select the best suitable model for predicting such flows. The comparison ensured the superiority of the realizable k-ɛ model for the present two-phase flow mixing. The obtained results reveal that the T-junction pipe with a junction angle of 45o achieves improved operational performance compared to the pipe with the junction angle of 90o. This result shows that the incline of branch pipe could induce more heat transfer on the area of T-junction, which inevitable could condensate more steam from the branch pipe}, keywords = {Two phase-flow,T-Junction,Mixing,Condensation}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162570.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162570_4d769ae086c90003296bd433a7093cf5.pdf} } @article { author = {Ezzat, Mohamed and Elsabaawy, Mohamed and Eltaly, Boshra}, title = {Structural Performance of Strengthened Steel Girders with Web Openings under Shear Forces}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {175-188}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.49945.1052}, abstract = {The use of Steel Beams with Web Openings (SBWOs) such as industrial and multistoried buildings has evicted to be wide in recent times. The existing study goals to examine the structural performance of steel beams with web openings in the shear zones and detect the chance of using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) epoxy laminates for strengthening process. The purpose was to determine the maximum load behavior, deflection, distribution of stresses and strains along the beams' length. The shapes, numbers of web openings where the openings area is constant for all beams, places and thickness of CFRP for strengthening beams were the main parameters. The behavior of ten steel beams which contain beams with opening, beams without openings and beams strengthened with different forms were specified by a Finite Element Model (FEM). Verifications of FEM with the results of three published researches and an experimental program performed in the current work for four beams; control beam where there is without openings and number of three beams with web openings. The finite element results display a good agreement with the analogical values detected in the experiments and three published researches results. The results displayed that the beam with circular openings is better than those with rectangular openings and opening height is an important parameter. The CFRP is a right strengthening selection in the shear and tension zone. Increased CFRP thickness is comparatively useless, where most of the time, the failure is due to de-bonding (adhesive material) not rupture in CFRP laminates.}, keywords = {steel,Beam,openings,shear,strengthening}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162571.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162571_85df77ec404519435e5f7e4de82a67c3.pdf} } @article { author = {sallam, mostafa and El Sayed, Abd El Aziz and El Shehawy, Ragab and Afify, Hafez}, title = {Effect of Electrode Material on the Removal of Industrial Oil and Soap Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {189-196}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.50211.1053}, abstract = {Treatment of oil and soap industrial wastewater using aluminum and iron electrode material has been investigated in this study to compare for each electrode, the performance of the electrocoagulation process. The effectiveness of relevant industrial wastewater characteristics such as the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil-grease removal effects of major operating parameters such as medium pH value, electrode material, and current density, and running time and energy consumption were studied. All experiments were done in an electrocoagulation cell with an effective volume of 500 mg/ liters. Under the same operating conditions, it was observed that aluminum electrodes have higher efficiency of removal than iron electrodes. COD and O&G removal efficiencies of 94.93%, 90.20% and 27.49%, 13.27% were observed for aluminum and iron electrode in a special case with optimum initial pH value, maximum current density, time, and initial COD concentration equal to 3, 73.33 A/m2, 30 min, 19750 mg/l, respectively. The electrode energy consumptions for each electrode material have been calculated to be 1.68, 3.04 KWh/kg COD for Aluminum and iron respectively at 15 volts. It can be concluded that the electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes is efficient for COD and O&G removal from industrial wastewater}, keywords = {Electrocoagulation,COD,Iron electrodes,Aluminum electrodes,Oil-Soup industrial wastewater}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162572.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162572_021bb6344e8f701793e81bb6b0bab4dd.pdf} } @article { author = {Abu El-Maaty, Ahmed and Fathy, Alaa and Elhamrawy, Saad}, title = {Evaluating the Long Performance of Asphalt Overlays using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavements (RAP)}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {197-210}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.57065.1068}, abstract = {In Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) assessment process , the specific pavement studies were designed to investigate the factors affecting pavement rehabilitation such as overlay thickness (51 and 127mm), asphalt overlay materials (raw compared with adding 30% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP)) and surface curing type before rehabilitation (low and heavy). In this study, data from 4 sites were taken to perform analysis where each site consists of 8 sections (4 sections with raw materials and another 4 sections using 30%RAP). Each section was 152.4 m long and 3.66 m wide. These sites were selected due to their similar climate to Egypt. Four performance indicators were chosen including fatigue cracking, longitudinal cracking, rutting, and roughness. A statistical analysis using the paired t-tests, p-values and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were achieved to determine the priority in performance and the significance in variation. The results that based on practical observations have indicated that the RAP sections achieved similar/ better performance as compared with raw sections especially at higher thickness except for rutting. The climate had no obvious effect on fatigue cracking development while dry climate provided higher longitudinal cracking and roughness progress for RAP sections. Statically, the variation in pre-overlay curing (from low to heavy) had the highest statistical effect on fatigue cracking increasing, while rutting and roughness progresses weren't clearly affected by variation in climate, thickness or curing.}, keywords = {Rehabilitation,Asphalt Overlay,Long Term Performance,RAP,Cracking}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162573.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162573_e1b613fe4faacb78ef8b38e59b477093.pdf} } @article { author = {Nouh Meshref, Ahmed and A. Elsisy, Mohamed}, title = {Comparison Between Systematical Budget Allocation Modeling Selection Methods in Low-Income Residential Rehabilitation Projects}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {211-219}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.51486.1055}, abstract = {One of the most important problems for governments and private sectors on construction industry is how to allocate budgets for public residential projects. Low-income residential projects in developing countries have major effects on implementing the principles of sustainable development. Limited budgets in concrete rehabilitation structures represent challenges for the decision-makers. The budget allocation methods proposed in this paper can be easily meet the actual changing demands of response budget policies. This paper proposed a comprehensive comparison between the Topsis method and Simo's ranking method in low-income residential rehabilitation projects. Also, the assignment problem presented to select a suitable project depending on the different clusters. This proposed comparative study aims the decision-maker (DM) to select the optimum method. Finally 13 criteria have been gathered from comprehensive literature. The gathered criteria have been reviewed through unstructured interviews with engineers work in the required field, and selective research according to the designed sample size. These criteria have been classified into three main clusters, economic aspects cluster, social aspects cluster, and environmental aspects cluster. Statistical analysis has been conducted on the interviews feedback. The research aims to trade-off in guiding the decision-maker to direct very limited budgets in the quality of restoration and rehabilitation the efficiency of low-cost or economic housing projects sustainably based on cost factors of projects.}, keywords = {Rehabilitation,Budget allocation,TOPSIS,Hungarian method, the assignment problem}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162574.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162574_767bce69ddfb6a160c34f33f71f3ef92.pdf} } @article { author = {EL-HABASHI, ALAA and Hesham, Yassmen and Darwa, Rawan}, title = {Bustans in the Historic Buildings of Cairo: Bayt Yakan and its Surrounding Sustainable Neighborhood.}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {221-232}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.56089.1061}, abstract = {Courtyard houses in historic cities of arid areas have roles in regulating the climatic conditions. Those buildings are located within the hearts of urban blocks to expand their ecological impact on their surroundings. Resided by the elites, they were of particular positioning within their neighborhoods to make their courtyards for community interactions. The greeneries, the water, and the serene furniture were elements made those courtyards as little oases in the city’s fabric. Unfortunately, most of those houses are demolished or deserted in bad conditions; a fact that disrupted their climatic and social roles. This research explores the revitalization one of those houses, to introduce the means to re-activate the climatic role and the passivity of the building from one side, and to re-establish social links between the courtyard and the community. The focus is on a recent initiative to establish a “Bustan” in Bayt Yakan that mimics the historic garden usually annexed to the northern of the courtyards. The Bustan is designed on the parameters of the contemporary state of the house. It reinvigorates the roles of greeneries and regenerating the local economy. It involves the community in the process of designing, planting, and maintaining it to encourage them to start small gardens in their houses and that is a positive step to adopt the UNESCO’s HUL approach to revive the heritage values of Historic Cairo. The design also attempts to balance between several aspects such as: selecting suitable plants, harmonizing with the historic surroundings, and partnering with the community.}, keywords = {Bayt Yakan,Historic Buildings,climate performance,greeneries,historic urban landscape}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162575.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162575_4d439dad8e3298ac327f579ffe95147f.pdf} } @article { author = {EL-Refai, Samah and EL-Habashi, Alaa}, title = {Pilgrimage Sites – Heritage Sites: The Evaluation of Authenticity of Selected Cases}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {233-244}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.56081.1062}, abstract = {Preserving heritage sites promotes local identities and strengthens their link with local communities. It also raises pride that encourages locals to invite others to visit and celebrate. It is thus crucial to involve all parties in managing heritage sites to ensure sustainability. Such principles are challenging if the subject is a pilgrimage site due to its moral association with different cultures embracing the religion. The presentation/interpretation of the historical attributes in pilgrimage sites is crucial to reflect their religious association as well as to respect historical facts. Accentuating authenticity also strengthens the bond of the believers. The mandate is then protecting those valuable attributes, which are usually marginalized due to the tyranny of some spiritualties and to the admission of large numbers of pilgrims to raise economic profits. The research evaluates those contradictions in selected pilgrimage sites: Makkah in Saudi Arabia, Santiago de Compostela in Spain, and Fushimi Inari Shrine in Japan. It applies the Nara Grid to verify the authenticity of their historic attributes and to confirm that the conditions of pilgrimage in the three sites drastically differ from what they originally were. This paper points to the reasons that led to these differences, the impact on the authenticity of values and attributes, and the status of the cultural heritage if managed away from the participatory process. The research aims to draw on the results of scientific analysis of the current situation of those sites to decipher the management deficiencies affecting the authenticity of their historic attributes.}, keywords = {Cultural heritage,Pilgrimage Sites,authenticity,Nara Grid,Sustainability of Religious Sites}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162577.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162577_a34b717d22165f05645d0f08da691c90.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohamed, Mohamed and Hussien, Mohamed and Shaier, Amer}, title = {Study on the Amount of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone Decreasing by Butanol as a Solvent in Re-refining of Used Lubricating Oils}, journal = {ERJ. Engineering Research Journal}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {245-250}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering}, issn = {1110-1180}, eissn = {}, doi = {10.21608/erjm.2021.56237.1063}, abstract = {This study purpose is to check a new technique in solvent extraction process on used lubricating oils using design of experiments (DOE) generated by MINITAB. In addition, study technique for decreasing the amount of N-Methyl-2-Pyrroidone used in the re-refining of used oil thus decreasing the operating cost of the extraction process. The experiments were done on pre-treated used lubricating oils, which was obtained from Alexandria Petroleum Company facility where light hydrocarbons and water were eliminated from it. Solvent extraction technique was done on the used lubricating oils using N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) and butanol as a solvents. Different factors were studied by bench scale experiments such as: Solvent to solvent weight ratios, Solvent to oil weight ratios, mixing time, mixing speed and the extraction temperatures. A statistical analysis computer software (MINITAB version 17) was used to investigate those factors which affect the percent sludge removal from the used lubricating oils. Furthermore, the data obtained from both bench scale experiments and statistical analysis computer software shows that the most significant factors affecting the percent sludge removal from used lubricating oils was solvent-to-solvent weight ratios, while the least significant factor was the extraction temperature.}, keywords = {solvent extraction,recycling,mini-tab,NMP,used oils}, url = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162578.html}, eprint = {https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_162578_c2275e6930e1c71b532bd815e8c19d53.pdf} }