Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
EVALUATION OF POWER FACTOR UNDER LINEAR AND NONLINEAR LOAD CONDITIONS
255
260
EN
Mohammed
A. Abdulsada
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty ofEngineering,
Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, LIBYA
Furat
A. Abbas
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty ofEngineering,
Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, LIBYA
Fathi
R. Abusief
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty ofEngineering,
Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Tobruk, LIBYA
10.21608/erjm.2009.69340
The aim ofthis paper is to evaluate the power factor ofthe linear and nonlinear load. The effect of<br />poor power factor on the supply circuit is discussed. The general definitions and equations of<br />power relation are presented. The power factor under linear load condition is derived and<br />discussed. Under nonlinear load, the total power factor is made oftwo components: displacement<br />factor and distortion factor. The distortion factor associated with the harmonics present. The power<br />factor in terms of Fourier series coefficients is evaluated. The power factor correction (PFC)<br />techniques are discussed for linear and nonlinear load. . As case study, the power factor of three<br />linear different loads is calculated. A 3-phase , 6-pulse, AC/DC converter is taken as an example<br />of nonlinear load and the total power factor when feeding R- load and R-L load is evaluated.
Power factor,displacement factor,distortion factor,linear & nonlinear loads,AC/DC converter,and power factor correction
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69340.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69340_d4904239cc925069cd4ea3281ad26d11.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
REPLACEMENT OF CONVENTIONAL P55 WITH A GENETIC TUNED PID CONTROLLER BASED ON DIFFERENT SEARCH CRITERION
261
269
EN
A. M.
Abdel-ilamid
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
MinouJiya University, Shebin El-Korn, Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2009.69341
This paper proposes a genetically tuned PID controllers for power system models with uncertain<br />parameters to replace the conventional power system stabilizer. This may overcome the problems<br />arising due to the fact that PSS is only effective for a linear power system model with certain<br />parameters and disturbances with relatively limited small range around the nominal operating<br />condition. The first step in the design procedure is to find out appropriate PID parameters which<br />are essential to assess and initiate the genetic search within a confident evolution environment.<br />The industrially recognized Ziegler-Nicholes methodology will be employed for this purpose.<br />Secondly, different search criteria such as Integral of Time multiplied by Absolute Error (ITAE),<br />Integral of Absolute Magnitude ofthe Error (IAE), Integral ofthe Square of the Error (ISE), and<br />Mean ofthe Square ofthe Error (MSE) are implemented to ensure the robustness ofthe proposed<br />controller. Several experiments will be undertaken to evaluate which of these four performance<br />criteria produce the best results when used in conjunction with a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The<br />Results of implementing the proposed GA-tuned PID controller show that the most satisfactory<br />response, will be obtained if a GA with MSE or ISE criterion is selected to tune the PID controller.
Power system stabilizer (PSS),Ziegler-Nicholes PlO controller design,Genetic Algorithm
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69341.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69341_ac3f2ca52ccf62a3c7072a8b40ffc327.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
A GENETIC ALGORITIIM APPROACH TO MINIMIZE THE TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION OF THE MULTILEVEL INVERTER
271
278
EN
L
Bedir
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University
Abd El-wahab
Hassan
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University
M.
A. El- khazendar
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University
S.
A. Mahrnoud
Faculty of Engineering, Shebin El-Koin, Menoufiya University
10.21608/erjm.2009.69342
This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique to determine the optimum<br />switching angles of the multilevel inverter. This technique is used to eliminate low order<br />harmonics of output voltage to minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD), with different levels<br />of configurations. The effectiveness of this technique is tested by simulation results, which are<br />used for calculating the optimum switching angles of three-phase li-level inverters, with equal<br />and unequal DC supplies. Finally, the results show that the GA technique gives lower THD<br />compared with results reported in the literatures using other techniques.
Qenetic algorithms,multilevel inverters,total harmonic distortion
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69342.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69342_79d07a3be43c869bd0f52f22c4b14faf.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND HEALTH RISKS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
279
286
EN
RaM
H. Thaher
Ministry of Higher E- mail: Education raadthqher ~Vah0o~07fl and Scientific~
10.21608/erjm.2009.69343
The effect of mobile communication can be understood as a biological effect (normal situation)<br />and when this effect exceeds a certain limit so that the temperature ofthe body increases the health<br />hazard takes place. Also the effect of extremely low frequency radiation (elfEM) and the effect of<br />radio frequency (P1) is described .The non-thermal and thermal effects of PP radiation is<br />explained, the guidelines and.recomlnendations are presented. It was concluded that the rise of 1°C<br />in the body temperature will cause a change in the body behavior. The minimum safety distan
PP radiation,Biological effect,safety expnsure distance
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69343.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69343_8b6feeb2a31023dcdda0047023cac600.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MIMO CHANNEL CAPACITY UNDER VARIABLE FACTORS
287
297
EN
Ruad
H. Thaher
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientjfic Rescarch -Baghdad Jraq
10.21608/erjm.2009.69344
Digital communication using MIMO has been one ofthe most promising research areas in wireless<br />communications nowadays as it offers a lot of promises for future wireless communications.<br />MIMO seems to be the only technology that is advancing the wireless industry from 30 to 4G<br />systems. In this work MLMO system has been studied in great detail and simulated for different<br />cases and we concentrated on the performance of its capacity under several environmental<br />conditions. MIMO system offers significant gains in performance over traditional wireless<br />communication systems. Spatial multiplexing increases system throughput without consuming<br />frequency spectrum and spatial diversity makes the link more robust. MIMO system was described<br />and simulation results were presented and discussed. Multiple antenna techniques are a key to<br />boosting the performance of modem wireless systems
MIMO,spatial multiplexing,capacity,diversity,SNR
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69344.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69344_33671f9b9e1888f5421c8ceec4d4554e.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
SOLAR RADIATION STUDY IN BENGHAZI CITY AND MODELING, EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF A PV PANEL
299
304
EN
Adel
A. Abosuina
Higher Institute of Electricity-Benghazi-LIBYA.
Mahmoud
Shaker
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Garyounis,
10.21608/erjm.2009.69345
In this paper the radiation levels and information ofthe solar study in Banghazi City, Libya. Also<br />the paper introduces an accurate PV module and panel electrical models. The model can be used<br />for studying the characteristics ofthe PV module and panel under different modes of operations. In<br />addition, the model can be used as a state observer and sensor-less control ofthe PV panel and the<br />maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The validity ofthe obtained models are studied<br />by the comparisons between the obtained practical results and these of simulation. According to<br />the comparison results it is found that the deduced models can be considered as fair models.
PV Panel,modeling,and Verification,Benghazi
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69345.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69345_5e5c8eab43f4190ace3f125b8bd738e1.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF COOLING EFFECT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GAS TURBINE BLADES
305
318
EN
M.
Khalil Bassiouny
Mechanical Power Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University,
S.
A. Wilson
Mechanical Power Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University,
M.
F. Mosa
Mechanical Power Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University
10.21608/erjm.2009.69346
The modem gas turbine engines operate at high pressure ratio and consequently higher entry<br />turbine temperatures. At high loads, this temperature exceeds the allowable metal-temperature<br />limits. The turbine blades need to be protected to ensure theft integrity. The efficient cooling<br />technique such as film cooling is therefore essential to protect the gas turbine blades. The<br />efficiency of this technique depends on several parameters, such as the injection blowing ratio,<br />density ratio, mainstream turbulence intensity, mainstream pressure gradient, boundary layer<br />thickness, injection angle, spacing between holes as well as their arrangement, and the blade<br />geometry. The main objective of this study was to make a numerical study on the first stage for<br />both profiles VKI and C3X turbine blades cascade with a leading edge showerhead film-cooling<br />arrangement by using the commercial code Fluent v. 5.4. The governing equations for steady, t~vo<br />dimensional, turbulent, compressible flow are integrated over arbitrary two-dimensional control<br />volumes with the aid of Gauss theorem. The present computational model seeks to a realistic filmcooled turbine blade. The code is used to study the combination of film and convection cooling.<br />While most ofthe theoretical studies considered isothermal blade surfaces in thermal calculations<br />over the blade surfaces. The results indicated that the film cooling enhances adiabatic effectiveness<br />and decreases the surface heat flux by six times that of uncooling blade. In case of increasing the<br />blowing ratios or streamwise injection angle, the adiabatic effectiveness decreases gradually. The<br />effectiveness for combined cooling is higher than that of film cooling only due to the combination<br />offilm and convection cooling together. Also the film cooling effectiveness for the VKI profile is<br />higher than that ofthe C3X profile as a result ofthe better design shape of VKI profile. The model<br />had been validated and tested with previously published experimental and theoretical results.<br />These comparisons show a satisfactory agreement that permits an extension of the theoretical<br />study.
Film cooling,Effectiveness,Gas turbine,Nozzle blades
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69346.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69346_b8f02887ee718c95119c02d58438df04.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
INVESTIGATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENERGY INDICATORS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: EGYPTIAN CASE STUDY
319
328
EN
M.
A. Badr
Mechanical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
K.
A. Abed
Mechanical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
A.
A. El Mallah
Mechanical Engineering Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2009.69348
Egypt is characterized by high rate of population growth and increasing rate of urbanization as<br />efforts to build new conununities expanded to several regions. Egypt area is about I M km2 of<br />which almost 30000 km2 cultivated land. Urban population constitutes 46% and 54% rural<br />population. As, electricity demand is growing rapidly in Egypt, so efforts are directed at<br />developing the use of renewable energy technologies in rural and remote areas. Renewable<br />energies in Egypt are planned to reach 20% penetration by 2020, mostly from wind farms. In terms<br />of energy indicators for sustainable development, Egypt maintains high electric accessibility, safe<br />production and almost satisfied end use. Some social, economic and environmental energy<br />indicators are studied and general evaluation of different energy sources is presented. ‘this<br />research is carried out through MEDRES project which is funded by EC1. The required data is<br />collected, validated and analyzed to reach some formal indicators of energy environmental<br />impacts. All over the world there is a very strong potential for using renewable converters such as<br />wind energy converters, photovoltaic generators, hydro power, etc. under favourable conditions.<br />The use of renewable energy is one of the most promising methods to reduce CO2 and other<br />greenhouse emissions. Estimated CO2 emissions in year 2004 were found to be 37% of CO2<br />emissions due to energy, 35% due to industry, 14% due to transportation and 14% due to other<br />sectors. In 2020 it is expected that 40% will occur due to energy.
Socio-economic indicators,Energy indicators,CO2 emissions,renewable energy
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69348.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69348_cedf9ad0a5b7382eefd49769483bae23.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
AIRBORNE EMISSIONS FROM WIND TURBINES AND PHOTOVOLTAIC LIFE CYCLES
329
337
EN
A.
Abed
mechanical engineering department, national research Centre, Egypt
M.
N. EL-Kordy
mechanical engineering department, national research Centre, Egypt
M.
A. Badr
mechanical engineering department, national research Centre, Egypt
A.
A. El Mallah
mechanical engineering department, national research Centre, Egypt
S.
M. A. Ibrahim
mechanical engineering department, , Faculty of Engineering, AI-Azhar University, Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2009.69350
Atmospheric emissions occur mainly in the operational phase of the oil cycle. In case of renewable <br />energy sources, emissions occur mainly in the material processing and component manufacturing <br />stages of wind turbine life cycle. For this purpose material and energy use for a typical wind <br />energy converter HSW-250 are determined. In case of photovoltaic energy production, devices <br />have no moving parts, in contrast to thermal power systems, so, they have demonstrated long-term <br />reliability in both space and terreshial applications. They could be widely applied in Egypt <br />particularly in remote areas where reliable and maintenance-free operation is at a premium. <br />Airborne emissions occur mainly during the manufacturing phase of PV modules and system <br />comoonents. In this research the system features, system technology, photovoltaic life cycle, <br />mailrial and energy used during the life cycle stages &?re analyzed. Finally the airborne emissions <br />through the PV life cycle were obtained. Quantities of atmospheric emissions releasedin the PV
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69350.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69350_de3cd33b8176150a1f4966b5be609dfa.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
علي دراسة البلي (AL-5% CI) لسبيکة (ag+cu) تأثير إضافة
339
345
EN
عباس
عبد الله احمد الدليمي
جامعة قاريونس - بني غازي - الجماهيرية العربية الليبية
زغلول
عبد الله عبد الدايم
جامعة قاريونس - بني غازي - الجماهيرية العربية الليبية
10.21608/erjm.2009.69352
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69352.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69352_db49ef4992f9ca2a1d7bd00b163c0b70.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
WEAR OF AL203 AND SIC PARTICLES REINFORCED ALUMINUM METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES FABRICATED BY PRESSING AND EXTRUSION
347
352
EN
M.
Abd-Elhamid
Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Zagazig UniveRsity, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2009.69353
Dry sliding wear test of the A1 matrix with 15% ceramic reinforcements of AI2O3 or Sic particles <br />were performed using a pin-on-disc machine. The composites weqe prepared by powder <br />metallurgy techniques followed by extrusion process. Some factors such as loads and sliding time <br />on the degree of wear of particulate metal matrix composites (PMMC) were carried out. Tests <br />were performed under different loads at room temperature and constant sliding speed of 1.67 mls. <br />Results indicate that the addition of A1203 and Sic particles in the AI matrix improve the wear <br />resistance and hardness. PMMC with A1203 showed better performance than Sic reinforcement. <br />SEM tests were carried out to reveal complex combination of wear mechanisms on the surface of <br />the worn test specime
: Aluminum matrix composites,Powder metallurgy,Ah03 and Sic particles,sliding wear
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69353.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69353_179f5d2cd01f2a97b7fc1619cf4bc2d8.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO FEATURE-BASED PROCESS PLANNING
353
358
EN
Omar
M. EL-mabrouk
Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Department, Garyounis University,
Benghazi, LIBY
Saleh
M. amaitik
Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering Department, Garyounis University,
Benghazi, LIBY
10.21608/erjm.2009.69355
Machiming operations selection is a key issue in today's research of computer aided process <br />planning (CAPP). Traditionally, this task is carried out by process planners and knowledge base <br />systems. Recently, process planners have started using newer artificial intelligent techniques, such <br />as neural networks, fuzzy logic, intelligent agents, etc. to model machining operations. In this <br />study, the problem of machining operations selection for hole making operations is investigated. A <br />neural network model is proposed to generate the needed machining operations and their sequence <br />based on hole attributes and accuracy required. Hole diameter, length to diameter (LID) ratio, <br />surface finish and tolerances are presented to the network for each feature as input parameters. The <br />network classifies the required machining operations into three steps; hole starting, core making <br />and hole finishing operations. The advantage and effectiveness of the proposed model are verified <br />through a several types of hole features.
Process Planning,Neural Networks,Hole Making,Backpropagation
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69355.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69355_79ae1c33425c802abf025da6a92f01c7.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
CREEP FAILURE TIME OF THIN-WALLED PIPES UNDER COMBINED INTERNAL PRESSURE, BENDING AND TENSION
359
366
EN
A.
El Megharbel
Suez Canal University; Faculty of Engineering, Production Engineering and Mechanical
Design Department, Port Said 42523, Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2009.69356
The creep failure time is calculated for rectilinear thin-walled pipes subjected to combined internal <br />pressure and both of tension and bending. The calculating of the failure time is given using the <br />concept of equivalents stresses. The equivalent stresses are found from the mixed delayed-failure <br />criterion relating the maximum normal stress and the intensity of tangent stresses. The obtained <br />results were compared with the results obtained by Golub et al. (2004) [2] for pipes under only <br />couple stresses. The present work can be used to calculate the time to creep failure of thin-walled <br />pipes under internal pressure in combination with axial load and binding
: Creep failure,internal pressure,plane bending,thin-walled pipe,uniaxial tensio
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69356.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69356_1ee109b1b04a1fe35d5c132007d848eb.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
viscoelastic behaviour of pvc pipes under internal pressure
367
375
EN
A.
EL megharbel
suez canal
aly
eldomiaty
suez canal
10.21608/erjm.2009.69442
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69442.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69442_b1ddb253b91baef23470263f737544e2.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
Failure analysis of steel adhesive boned connections experimental and numerical studies
377
383
EN
A.M. seleem
Saba
material engineering department, zagazig university Egypt
M.H.
Sharaky
material engineering department, zagazig university Egypt
H.E.M
Sallam
material engineering department, zagazig university Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2009.69555
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69555.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69555_4e5ac7cc311679a7a7010a20250f4530.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
MODE I1 FRUCTURE TOUGHNESS OF hyBRiD FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
385
389
EN
A.
M. Saba
Materials Engineering Department, Zagazig University. Zagazig, EGYPT
10.21608/erjm.2009.69381
Mode I1 fracture toughness of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete HFRC has been experimentally <br />investigated. The effect of crack length to depth ratio, a\w, was studied. The mechanical properties <br />of different hybrid fiber reinforced concretes were deteimined in an attempt to relate the <br />parameters of concrete type to its fracture toughness. Three different fiber types (steel "S", glass <br />"G" and polypropylene "PF"') were used. The volume fraction Vf was kept constant equal to 1.5% <br />for all FRCs with different configurations. These configurations are steel fiber only with 1.5% Vf <br />(SFRC), steel fiber with 1% VF in addition to glass fiber with 0.5% Vf (SGFRC), and steel fiber <br />with 1% Vf in addition to polypropylene fiber with 0.5% Vf(SPPFRC). The crack length to depth <br />ratio was equal to 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 for fracture toughness specimens. The cement content was 450 <br />kg/m3 for all mixes. The fracture toughness Kllc was determined according to fornula of Watkins <br />model by using cracked cubes 150 X 150 X 150 mm. Results of the present workindicated that, <br />the addition of short fibers slightly increase the compressive strength of FRC. The presence of <br />fibers significantly increases 'the splitting tensile strength of FRC for different types of fibers. For <br />Plain concrete Knc was not dependent on the value of dw, i.e. intrinsic property. On the other <br />hand, The mode I1 fracture toughness (KIrc) for all FRCs mixes, decreases with the increase in the <br />ratio alw due to the absence of fibers to connect the two surfaces of pre-crack.
Mode 11, Fracture toughness, Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete,Steel fibers,~lasi fibers,polypropylene fibers
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69381.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69381_b883ab3e3d6cc0eddc3d2a944dd4e2a0.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
32
3
2009
07
01
دور تکنولوجيا البناء في التنظير للعمارة البيئية
391
402
EN
عبير
سامي يوسف محمد
قسم الهندسة المعمارية- کلية الهندسة - جامعة طنطا
10.21608/erjm.2009.69382
Across successive Eras, Architectural thought was continuously trying to conform with the <br />development of the available technological tools related to the field of modern building technology <br />and hying to apply it in order to shape differing building patterns. In the beginning of the third <br />millennium, Architecture joined with information and digital revolution, especially after using <br />technological tools for technical building operations and manufacturing modern building materials <br />through appropriation with design requirements and the application of Ecological, Green, and <br />sustaKable Architecture concepts. In accordance with the above, this paper discusses global <br />changes in architecture taking into consideration the importance of environmental design and <br />nature conservation to support scientific invention, new fabricated materials and building <br />technologies, which will provide a modem language for Architecture and Urbanism from an <br />environmental perspective
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69382.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_69382_8b06dbd44024d1762fad37c03839379e.pdf