Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
FAULT DETECTION – CLASSIFICATION THROUGH VIBRATION MONITORING USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
1
8
EN
Yehia
El-Mashad
Associate Professor, Shoubra Faculty of Engineering
Atef
Hassan
10.21608/erjm.2004.82599
<span>Vibration analysis can give an indication of the condition of rotating shaft highlighting potential</span><br /><span>fault such as unbalance and rubbing. Faults may however occur intermittently and consequently to</span><br /><span>detect these requires continuous monitoring with real time analysis. In this research, we describe</span><br /><span>how to use Artificial Neural Networks (ANN's) for classification of machine conditions by using</span><br /><span>two sensor techniques. In this technique, calculated moments from times series are used as input</span><br /><span>features as they can be quickly computed from measured data. Orthogonal vibrations are</span><br /><span>considered as two -dimension victor, the magnitude of which can be expressed as time series.</span><br /><span>Some signal processing operations are applied to the data to enhance the differences between</span><br /><span>signals. A fault signature data base is built which includes vibration signature of common failure</span><br /><span>modes of critical components in rotating equipment. The database is used to train the neural</span><br /><span>network to classify the different fault classes. Such expert system has some limitations because it</span><br /><span>is tailored to a specific machine and specific faults under certain operating conditions. Comparison</span><br /><span>is made with frequency domain analysis methods, which has some ambiguities when components</span><br /><span>may, more or less overlap and certain faults may exhibit themselves in different ways in spectrum.</span><br /><span>The results show that the success of the network is highly dependent on the deduced feature signal</span><br /><span>which contain the symptoms of faults and healthy operation.</span>
condition monitoring,Signal analysis,Vibration Measurements,Artificial Neural Networks
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82599.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82599_5a8ee5f91a9b577ff0c2c8523b5c0808.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
EROSION-CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF 6061 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
9
14
EN
S.
A. Asseala
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University, Egypt
Badr
M. Abd El-Bary
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University, Egypt
A.
M. Khourshid
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University, Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2004.82600
<span>Corrosion and erosion-corrosion behavior of Al-6061 was investigated. Tests were performed</span><br /><span>in 3 wt. % NaCl solutions with and without sand particles using the rotating sample method at 5.65</span><br /><span>and 11.3 m/sec. Both the tests showed an increased weight loss with test duration. In erosion-</span><br /><span>corrosion tests, weight loss of the samples was accelerated by the impingement of the electrolyte at</span><br /><span>corroded sites leading to easy removal of corrosion products from the surface. The presence of</span><br /><span>sand particles in the electrolyte accelerates the process of material removal due to rapid formation</span><br /><span>of pits and craters. The effect of velocity and heat treatment on the mechanism of erosion-</span><br /><span>corrosion was investigated. An analysis of the affected surfaces of typical specimens by SEM</span><br /><span>enabled the understanding of the operating wear mechanisms under specific test condition.</span>
Erosion-corrosion,Slurry,sand,water,sodium chloride
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82600.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82600_6356f369953d5b003333de717b2e4477.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
CONDITION MONITORING AND FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF ROTATING MACHINERY USING WAVELET AND NEURAL NETWORKS APPROACHES
15
24
EN
Yehia
El-Mashad
Shoubra Faculty of Engineering
10.21608/erjm.2004.82601
<span>This research investigates different techniques of condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of</span><br /><span>rotating machines. These techniques are the classical Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Discrete</span><br /><span>Wavelet Transform (DWT) coupled with different topologies of Neural Networks. A method for</span><br /><span>extracting features signal that is a combination of the horizontal and the vertical vibration time</span><br /><span>series is proposed. A technique for signal pre-processing for calculating the input feature is also</span><br /><span>adopted. The cumulants of magnitude of the vibrations provide a useful set of features for the</span><br /><span>detection of unbalance and rub faults. Pre-processing of the vibration signal is showed to amplify</span><br /><span>relevant spectral features improving the classification success.</span><br /><span>Results based on the data collected with a simple test rig that allow the simulation of rub and/or</span><br /><span>unbalance fault(s) are presented. For Neural Networks the results show that the performance of</span><br /><span>Self-Organizing Map (SOM) gives higher classification rate than the Feed-Forward Neural</span><br /><span>Networks (FFNN). A compound Neural Network with wavelet has classified the correct condition</span><br /><span>in over 99% of cases.</span>
Fault Detection Condition Monitoring - Vibration Analysis,Neural network
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82601.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82601_97ea06a5819eb928ad912f37b9bc4ea9.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
A ROBUST CONTROL STRATEGY FOR COORDINATED TCSC AND SVC TO DAMP ELECTROMECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS IN A MULTI-MACHINE POWER SYSTEM
25
29
EN
A.
A. Nour Eldeen
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Helwan University of Helwan, Cairo,
Ahmed
H. Elassal
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Helwan University of Helwan, Cairo,
10.21608/erjm.2004.82603
<br /><span>This paper examines the enhancement of power system stability properties via using thyristor</span><br /><span>controlled series capacitors (TCSCs) and static VAR compensators (SVCs). A control strategy is</span><br /><span>developed to enhance the damping of the electromechanical oscillations using Linear Quadratic</span><br /><span>Gaussian technique (LQG). Using this control strategy each device (TCSC and SVC) will</span><br /><span>contribute to the damping of electromechanical power oscillations. The power system is examined</span><br /><span>over a wide range of operation conditions and different fault locations. Simulation results showed</span><br /><span>that the proposed controller with TCSC and SVC provides good damping for the power system and</span><br /><span>consequently the dynamic performance is improved. The adopted controller gives a better response</span><br /><span>compared to the conventional thyristor controlled series capacitors and static VAR compensator.</span>
Power system control,TCSC control,SVC Control
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82603.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82603_7e5c08a881144990731341e841118080.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
REUTILIZATION OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AS CONCRETE COARSE AGGREGATE
31
38
EN
Ayman
Gamal
Engineering Materials Dep., Faculty of Engineering,
Zagazig University, Zagazig, EGYPT.
Faiz
A. Mirza
Civil Engineering Dep., Faculty of Engineering and Islamic Arch.
Umm - Elqura University, Maka, SUADI ARABIA
10.21608/erjm.2004.82604
<span>Demolished concrete which became million tons annually, so reuse of these concrete represents</span><br /><span>a new source of aggregate. The aim of this paper is to study experimentally the effect of using</span><br /><span>recycled crushed concrete as a coarse aggregate in concrete mix. The main variables considered in</span><br /><span>this study were the recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) content (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% by weight)</span><br /><span>as substitution of natural aggregate (NA) and Cement content (250, 300, 350 and 400 kg/m”). The</span><br /><span>strength development under compressive and tensile stresses was measured. Test results showed</span><br /><span>that the behavior of concrete that contained recycled concrete aggregate and that contained natural</span><br /><span>aggregate are nearly the same under compression and tension stress. The compressive strength</span><br /><span>increases by increasing the recycled aggregate content from 25% up to 100%. The tensile strength</span><br /><span>has optimum value at 50% recycled concrete aggregate content. Also it was found that the</span><br /><span>compressive and tensile strengths of recycled concrete aggregate specimens were increased by</span><br /><span>increasing cement content from 250 kg/m² up to 400 kg/m'. This is mainly due to the high</span><br /><span>reactivity of the recycled concrete and cause alkali-silica bi-reaction.</span>
Recycled concrete,Aggregate,cement,Strengths
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82604.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82604_8f81e609ca25e699a9af331fc5d62dce.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
DURABILITY OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED MORTAR
39
48
EN
A.
A. M. Badawy
Materials Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Zagazig University, EGYPT
M.
H. Seleem
Materials Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Zagazig University, EGYPT
E.
M. Y. Abdin
Materials Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Zagazig University, EGYPT
A.
H. H. El- Safory
Materials Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Zagazig University, EGYPT
10.21608/erjm.2004.82607
<span>In this work, the durability of glass fiber reinforced mortar, GFRM, was experimentally</span><br /><span>investigated. The evaluation was based on the performance of the composite under three</span><br /><span>mechanical tests (compression, indirect tension and flexural). The GFRM specimens were exposed</span><br /><span>to four-environmental attack. These include air, water, chloride and sulfate. The specimens were</span><br /><span>tested after 28, 180, 360 and 540 days. The effect of fiber volume fractions, (V+=0, 1, 2 and 3 %)</span><br /><span>was considered. The effect of using sulfate resistant cement and addition of 10% silica fume to the</span><br /><span>ordinary Portland cement on the durability of the GFRM was undertaken. Test results indicated</span><br /><span>that the addition of glass fiber has a small effect on the compressive strength of GFRM specimens.</span><br /><span>The presence of glass fiber in the cement-based mortar enhanced the relative compressive strength</span><br /><span>of the composite stored in sulfate. There is a general increase in the tensile and flexural strengths</span><br /><span>with increasing fiber volume fraction. The addition of 10% silica fume enhanced the compressive</span><br /><span>and tensile strengths of the specimens stored in water media at all ages but for specimens stored in</span><br /><span>sulfate it enhanced up to 180 days and after that they decreased. Sulfate resistant cement enhanced</span><br /><span>the compressive and tensile strengths of GFRM stored in sulfate media compared to those</span><br /><span>specimens stored in water media.</span>
Cement bases mortar,glass fiber,Durability,Mechanical Properties
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82607.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82607_4a32cb8206e6a3507df732d817ca4794.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
THERMO-CHEMICAL STABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MORTAR MADE WITH CEMENT KILN DUST- BLENDED CEMENT
49
58
EN
Ayman x
Gamal
Engineering Materials Dept, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
M.M
Shoaib
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Egypt.
M.M
Balaha
Engineering Materials Dept, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
10.21608/erjm.2004.82610
<span>The aim of the present investigation is to study the effect of elevated temperature on the</span><br /><span>mineralogical structure, chemical characteristics and mechanical properties of mortar prepared</span><br /><span>from cement kiln dust -blended cement with proportion 5, 10, 15, 20% of two types of cement</span><br /><span>(OPC and BFSC). Cubical samples were cast, molded and cured under tap water for 28 days and</span><br /><span>then left in air under normal atmospheric conditions for about three years. These samples were</span><br /><span>subjected to elevated temperature: 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C for 2 hrs, then the compressive</span><br /><span>strength variation of the hardened samples were studied. Weight loss and X-Ray diffraction</span><br /><span>analysis were also used to investigate the phase transformations in these materials. Visual</span><br /><span>observation of macro-cracks created due to heating and the carbonation depths were also</span><br /><span>identified. Results of this investigation showed that, mortar strength is affected and gradual break</span><br /><span>down is observed, at temperatures up to 600°C, as well as with increasing of the blended cement</span><br /><span>kiln dust percent. The carbonation depth demonstrated by Ph.Ph. test for OPC-CKD is more than</span><br /><span>in case of BFSC-CKD blends especially at high temperature. The hardened mortars made with</span><br /><span>BFSC gives a thermal stability more than that in case of OPC samples.</span>
Cement kiln dust,OPC,BFSC,Thermal stability,Surface Cracking,Phase transformation
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82610.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82610_bc01c253b2da0256a63c6232f9fad8e0.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
USE OF GEOTEXTILE AS A REINFORCEMENT FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OVERLAY
59
71
EN
S.
A. El-Hamrawy
Faculty of Eng., Minoufiya University
H.
A. Afify
Faculty of Eng., Tanta University,
U.G.
Abdel-Mageed
Faculty of Eng., Tanta University,
10.21608/erjm.2004.82611
<span>Pavement distresses are numerous and they differ in their shape, type, and origin causes.</span><br /><span>Cracking is one of the most commonly observed distresses in asphalt pavement. Hence if these</span><br /><span>cracks reflect up to the new overlay, this reduce the service life and the serviceability of the</span><br /><span>pavement thus lead to a heavy burden on the exchequer. This investigation studies the effect of</span><br /><span>reinforcing the new overlay by geotextile and its influence on the performance of pavement and on</span><br /><span>retarding the speed of reflective cracking propagation. So asphaltic beam specimens reinforced</span><br /><span>with two types of reinforcement (ALYAF PU 14 nonwoven geotextile and HaTelit c reinforced</span><br /><span>geogrid) in the middle as well as in the lower third of the beam depth were tested under the three -</span><br /><span>point bending test. The prepared beams include beams with and without initial crack to simulate</span><br /><span>the cracked and uncracked layers in the field. The results of three - point bending test were</span><br /><span>collected and analyzed by fracture mechanics parameters (fracture toughness KIC, GIC, and J-</span><br /><span>Integral) and crack depth ratio, Zr, at failure.</span><br /><span>Results show that involving the reinforcement can relevant the speed of crack propagation into the</span><br /><span>new overlay and consequently prolong the economic life of the construction. Improve load</span><br /><span>carrying capacity via reducing the tensile stress peaks, absorbing some horizontal tensile stresses,</span><br /><span>and providing a uniform distribution of loads over a large area. Also HaTelit c geogrid appeared</span><br /><span>results better than Alyaf PU 14 nonwoven geotextile.</span>
reflective cracking - Geotextile - Flexible Pavement - Fracture Mechanics,Bending Test
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82611.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82611_c74c2defec3c71ab903ef5177b8fc0dd.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
EFFECT OF MOISTURE CONTENT ON DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF UNBOUND BASE COURSES
73
82
EN
S
.A.El-Hamrawy
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
K.
E. El-Hoseiny
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
A.
Abou-Elmaaty
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2004.82613
<span>he design of flexible pavements involves a study of the behavior of soils and paving materials</span><br /><span>under traffic and environmental conditions. The pavement may be exposed to different moisture</span><br /><span>contents. This variation in moisture content influences the flexible pavement performance causing</span><br /><span>plastic deformation or rutting.</span><br /><span>The results of an experimental program utilizing a test-model for determination of the plastic and</span><br /><span>elastic deformation along the model centerline are presented for pavement unbound granular base</span><br /><span>materials. A limestone base course, which usually used in north Egypt was manually compacted</span><br /><span>and tested by plate loading test at four moisture contents. The four selected moisture contents are</span><br /><span>(optimum moisture content (OMC, OMC -2%, OMC+1.5% and OMC+3%). Moreover, the finite</span><br /><span>element program, FENLAP was selected to predict the base course deformation at different</span><br /><span>moisture contents.</span><br /><span>It was found that the effect of moisture content was very significant on the modulus of elasticity</span><br /><span>and the deformation that accumulated in granular base materials. The highest modulus of elasticity</span><br /><span>and the lowest deformation were occurred at OMC.</span>
deformation,moisture content,Granular base materials,Plate loading test
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82613.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82613_61a9850236dab0041e2d4ed0a3ba4de8.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
STRENGTH OF SHORT SQUARE COLUMNS CONFINED WITH GFRP WRAPS
83
90
EN
Mohamed
Safan
Faculty of Engineering, Minoufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
10.21608/erjm.2004.82614
<span>This research reports the results of an experimental investigation carried out on short</span><br /><span>noncircular columns strengthened with GFRP wraps. A total number of 45 specimens</span><br /><span>(100x100x500mm) were tested under concentric loads. The major parameters of the study were</span><br /><span>the strengthening configuration including the number of GFRP layers and extension of the</span><br /><span>composite along the column height, volume fraction of the transverse reinforcement and degree of</span><br /><span>column surface roughness. Using the hand lay-up technique, continuous layers of a woven</span><br /><span>fiberglass fabric were bonded along the column height to introduce a confining pressure, which</span><br /><span>increases the apparent concrete compressive strength and consequently the column capacity. The</span><br /><span>results indicated that significant increase in the ultimate load and ductility improvement could be</span><br /><span>achieved by proper application of GFRP wraps.</span>
strengthening,short columns,GFRP,polyester,fiberglass,wrapping can
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82614.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82614_ba281b8931db458ac2a64bbe9e8d0e82.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF EPOXY RESINS BASED ON DIFFERENT BISPHENOLS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF LOCAL ASPHALT
91
101
EN
E.
A. Hassan
Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
S.
A. El-Kholy
gyptian Petroleum Research Institute( EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
A
.M.M. Abd El-Rahman
gyptian Petroleum Research Institute( EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
I.
M. Nassar
gyptian Petroleum Research Institute( EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
10.21608/erjm.2004.82615
<span>Four types of bisphenols and their respective low molecular weight epoxy resins (I, II, III and</span><br /><span>IV) were prepared and characterized. Each of the obtained epoxy resins was applied as an additive</span><br /><span>(together with high temperature hardener) to two types of local asphalt (L and H types) having</span><br /><span>different compositions.</span><br /><span>The resulting data of the validity of the obtained mixtures concerning the improved properties of</span><br /><span>asphalt [penetration, softening point, calculated penetration temperature susceptibility (PTI) and</span><br /><span>penetration index (PI)] are based upon the effect of the quantity and type of epoxy resin, type of</span><br /><span>the hardener used and also by comparison with the results obtained in presence of the commercial</span><br /><span>epoxy resin (V) which has a specified low temperature hardener. The optimum conditions obtained</span><br /><span>for the formulations which lead to the best properties are taken into consideration in the</span><br /><span>application of such formulations for the improvement of the asphalt to be used in different</span><br /><span>purposes.</span><br /><span>Data obtained revealed that improved asphalt either (H) or (L) type with epoxy III and hardener</span><br /><span>(1) gave highest values of softening point and penetration grade as compared with unmodified</span><br /><span>parent asphalt.</span>
Asphalt,Epoxy resins,Penetration temperature susceptibility,Penetration
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82615.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82615_53ee58966a35959c60829546e477ebe3.pdf
Menoufia University, Faculty of Engineering
ERJ. Engineering Research Journal
1110-1180
27
1
2004
01
01
CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ASPHALT MODIFIED WITH SOME THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS
103
113
EN
S
A. El-Kholy
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute( EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
E.
A. Hassan
Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
A.
M.M. Abd El-Rahman
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute( EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
I.
M. Nassar
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute( EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
10.21608/erjm.2004.82617
<span>Some commercial thermoplastic polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR),</span><br /><span>polyacrylonitrile (K), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP) and polychloroprene (PC) are used for</span><br /><span>the modification of two types of asphalt which are: asphalt 60/70 Suez (L) and asphalt 80/100</span><br /><span>Alex (H). The best ratio of modifying polymer to be added by hot mixing method at 150-170°C to</span><br /><span>asphalt, was determined by measuring the values of penetration, softening point, penetration</span><br /><span>temperature susceptibility (PTS) and penetration index (PI) for the obtained cooled blended</span><br /><span>formulations.</span><br /><span>For asphalt (L), such optimum ratio was 6% for (SBR and PP), 9% for (PS) and 12% for (PC),</span><br /><span>while in case of asphalt (H) the optimum ratio was 6% for (SBR), 9% for (PP and K) and 12% for</span><br /><span>(PS and PC).</span><br /><span>Dynamic viscosity tests i.e. shearing in (RV 12) for 5 mins at a high shear rate of 1198.08s?</span><br /><span>and then for 10 mins at a low shear rate of 149.76s", at different temperatures (30, 40, 50 and</span><br /><span>60°C) showed that formulation samples LSBR and HSBR have high yield stress values (To) which</span><br /><span>give promising indications about the validity of their possible use for pavement. Moreover</span><br /><span>formulations based on asphalt (H) and modified with SBR gave the highest value of tensile</span><br /><span>strength as well as thermal stability at 250°C for time period of 150 hours. All the prepared</span><br /><span>formulations modified with such thermoplastic polymers were resistant to different application</span><br /><span>media as compared with parent unmodified asphalt.</span>
Asphalt,Asphalt modified,thermoplastic polymers,Dynamic viscosity
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82617.html
https://erjm.journals.ekb.eg/article_82617_596660a145ccf3d81af9bd75498ed49e.pdf